Essential International Trade Terms: Bilingual Guide

在全球贸易中，专业术语是沟通的“密码”。掌握这些术语不仅能避免合同纠纷，还能优化物流成本。本文分类详解20+高频术语，助您通关国际贸易！
In global trade, professional terms are the “code” of communication. Mastering them prevents contract disputes and optimizes logistics costs. Here’s a categorized guide to 20+ key terms!

一、运输方式与责任划分 (Shipment & Responsibility)

决定费用/风险何时转移给买方
(Define when cost/risk transfers to buyer)

1. FOB (Free On Board) 离岸价
   • 定义：卖方负责将货物运至装运港船舷，此后风险转移给买方。
   • Seller delivers goods over ship’s rail at port. Risk transfers to buyer thereafter.
   • 📍 例句：FOB Shanghai = 卖方支付上海港装船前的所有费用
     Seller pays all costs until goods loaded in Shanghai.
2. CIF (Cost, Insurance, Freight) 到岸价
   • 定义：卖方支付运费+保险费至目的港，但风险仍在装运港转移。
   • Seller pays freight + insurance to destination port, but risk transfers at shipment port.
   • ⚠️ 误区：CIF ≠ 卖方承担全程风险！
     CIF ≠ Seller bears full transit risk!
3. DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) 完税后交货
   • 定义：卖方承担全程运费、关税、风险，直至货物送达买方仓库。
   • Seller bears all costs, duties, risks until goods delivered to buyer’s warehouse.
   • 🌐 适用：跨境电商海外仓模式
     Common in cross-border e-commerce fulfillment.

二、支付结算术语 (Payment Terms)

保障货款安全的核心条款
(Key clauses securing payment)

4. L/C (Letter of Credit) 信用证
   • 定义：银行担保支付，卖方提交相符单据即可收款。
   • Bank guarantees payment upon seller submitting compliant documents.
   • 🔍 关键点：UCP600 – 信用证统一惯例
     Governed by UCP600 rules.
5. TT (Telegraphic Transfer) 电汇
   • 分类：
     • TT in Advance (预付) → 买方先付款
     • TT at Sight (见单付款) → 买方见提单副本付款
     • TT after X Days (账期) → 收货后X天付款
6. DP (Documents against Payment) 付款交单
   • 定义：买方付款后，银行才释放提单等物权单据。
   • Bank releases shipping documents only after buyer pays.

三、单证实务关键词 (Critical Documents)

影响清关与货款回收
(Impact customs clearance & payment)

四、争议处理术语 (Dispute Resolution)

界定问题责任方
(Define liability for issues)

7. Force Majeure 不可抗力
   • 定义：战争、地震等无法预见/避免的事件，可免除违约方责任。
   • Events like war, earthquakes that cannot be foreseen/avoided, exempt liability.
8. Laytime 装卸时间
   • 定义：允许船舶在港免费停泊装卸货物的时间，超时产生滞期费 (Demurrage)。
   • Free time allowed for loading/unloading. Excess incurs demurrage fees.

五、新兴跨境电商术语 (E-commerce Terms)

直邮/海外仓模式必知
(Key for Direct Mail/Fulfillment Centers)

9. IGW (International Ground Warehouse) 跨境直邮
   • 定义：货物从国内仓直发海外消费者（如中欧班列铁路邮包）
   • Goods shipped directly from domestic warehouse to overseas consumers.
10. FBA (Fulfillment by Amazon) 亚马逊物流
    • 流程：卖家发货至Amazon仓 → Amazon负责拣货/配送/售后
    • Seller sends goods to Amazon → Amazon handles picking/shipping/service.

✅ 实战案例解析 (Real Case Study)

场景：巴西买家要求DAP São Paulo条款
风险点：

• 卖方需承担目的港拆箱费(Devanning) + 码头费(THC)
• 若未提前确认费用，可能损失利润！

解决方案：
➤ 合同中明确定义：
“DAP术语下买方承担清关费与进口税”
(Under DAP, buyer bears customs clearance fees & import tax)

📌 术语使用黄金法则 (Golden Rules)

1. 版本时效：用最新版《INCOTERMS® 2020》（国际商会发布）
2. 地点精准：必须写明港口/地址（如FOB Yangshan Port, not “FOB China”）
3. 冲突条款：若合同写“FOB”，但注明“按CIF责任” → 以合同为准！

掌握术语，就是掌握贸易主动权。
Mastering trade terms means mastering control in global business.
#国际贸易术语 #INCOTERMS2020 #外贸干货 #跨境电商
#InternationalTrade #ShippingTerms #ImportExport

附：速查表 (Quick Reference Table)

立即收藏，贸易沟通不再迷茫！
(Bookmark now for confident trade negotiations!)